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Int J Clin Exp Pathol 1(3):198-216;2008

Review Article
Epstein-Barr Virus and Gastric Carcinoma – Viral Carcinogenesis through Epigenetic
Mechanisms

Hiroshi Uozaki and Masashi Fukayama

Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan

Received 13 Sept 2007; accepted and available online 1 January 2008

Abstract: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinoma (GC) is the monoclonal growth of EBV-infected epithelial cells, and the entity
was recognized only recently. EBV-associated GC is distributed worldwide and more than 90,000 patients are estimated to develop GC
annually in association with EBV (10% of total GC). EBV-associated GC occurs in two forms in terms of the histological features, i.e.,
lymphoepithelioma-like GC and ordinary type of GC. Both share characteristic clinicopathological features, such as the preferential occurrence
as multiple cancer and remnant stomach cancer. While the expression of EBV-latent genes is restricted to several in the infected cells (Latency
I), EBV-associated GC shows gastric cell phenotype, resistance to apoptosis, and the production of immunomodulator molecules. Recently,
global and non-random CpG island methylation of the promoter region of many cancer-related genes has been demonstrated with their
decreased expression, such as p16 INK4A, p73 and E-cadherin. This abnormality is accompanied by methylation of the EBV genome itself,
suggesting a process of virus-driven hypermethylation in the development of neoplastic cells. Further studies are necessary to determine the
precise sequence of EBV infection, methylation, transformation and selection of the predominant clone within the stomach mucosa. Future
studies are also desirable for the target and strategy of therapy, such as initiating viral replication or reversing the DNA methylation of cellular
genes. (IJCEP709007).

Key Words: Epstein-Barr virus, gastric cancer, DNA methylation, viral oncogenesis, histology, chronic inflammation

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Address all correspondence to: Masashi Fukayama, M.D., Ph.D, Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of
Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan, Phone: +81-3-5841-3341, Fax: +81-3-3815-8379, Email:
mfukayama-tky@umin.ac.jp